Cobalt Extractant DMG Cyanex Tank Selection Refinery
Cobalt Extractant DMG (Dimethylglyoxime DMG, Cyanex 272 di-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) Phosphinic Acid, Cyanex 301 + 302 Dialkyl-Dithiophosphinic Acid, alpha-Hydroxime LIX 84 + LIX 63, D2EHPA di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phosphoric Acid, and Versatic-10 Carboxylic Acid Cobalt-Nickel Separation Extractant Systems for Recovery of Cobalt Sulfate CoSO4 and Nickel Sulfate NiSO4 + Cobalt Chloride CoCl2 and Nickel Chloride NiCl2 + Cobalt Hydroxide Co(OH)2 and Nickel Carbonate NiCO3 from Laterite, Sulfide, Mixed Sulfide, and Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate MHP Pressure-Acid-Leach PAL, Atmospheric-Leach AL, High-Pressure-Acid-Leach HPAL, and Electrolyte-Purification Streams at Goro New Caledonia, Sorowako Indonesia, Onca Puma Brazil, Long Harbour Newfoundland, Murrin Murrin + Cawse Western Australia,
Cobalt extractant DMG and related cobalt-nickel separation extractant systems (CAS 95-45-4 dimethylglyoxime DMG; 83411-71-6 Cyanex 272 di-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid; 132294-96-1 Cyanex 301 dialkyl-dithiophosphinic acid; 137330-13-3 LIX 63 alpha-hydroxime; 25154-52-3 di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid D2EHPA; 26896-20-8 Versatic-10 neo-decanoic-acid; supplied as ready-to-use kerosene + isoparaffinic-diluent + extractant blend at 5-30 vol% extractant + 70-95 vol% Exxon Isopar M + Exxon Solvesso 150 + Shell ShellSol D70 + Phillips Soltrol 170 diluent for Cyanex + LIX + D2EHPA + Versatic systems; supplied as solid powder + water suspension + ethanol solution at 0.5-5% concentration for DMG nickel-precipitation chemistry; aqueous nickel + cobalt + manganese + magnesium + calcium + zinc + copper sulfate + chloride feed phase pH 4-6 acidic SX or pH 4-7 alkaline strip; specific gravity 0.78-0.82 organic + 1.05-1.30 aqueous laterite-leach; flash-point 60-75C diluent + 200-300C extractant; supplied to refinery at 250-330-gallon poly tote + 5,000-15,000-gallon UL-142 carbon-steel diluent storage + 5,000-15,000-gallon FRP or steel extractant storage; refinery internal Co-Ni SX circuit recirculates organic at 50-1000 gpm with 20-200 m3 organic-phase total inventory) is the dominant cobalt-nickel separation chemistry at modern nickel + cobalt + manganese hydrometallurgical refineries that recover battery-grade cobalt sulfate CoSO4-7H2O + nickel sulfate NiSO4-6H2O + cobalt hydroxide Co(OH)2 + cobalt metal + nickel metal + nickel-electrolyte from laterite + sulfide + mixed-sulfide + mixed-hydroxide-precipitate MHP feed via pressure-acid-leach PAL + atmospheric-leach AL + high-pressure-acid-leach HPAL + heap-leach + bioleach circuits.
U.S. Loaded-Co + loaded-Ni + cobalt-sulfate + nickel-sulfate product internal to refinery + shipped as battery-grade chemical at 1000-2200-pound supersack or fiber-drum for downstream battery-cathode-precursor pCAM + cathode-active-material CAM customer.
The eight sections below cite OSHA Hazard Communication 29 CFR 1910.1200 + 1910.1000 cobalt + nickel + ammonia + petroleum-distillate PEL + 29 CFR 1910.106 flammable-and-combustible-liquid storage + 29 CFR 1910.1018 As + 1910.1025 Pb + 1910.1027 Cd heavy-metal standard + MSHA 30 CFR 56/57 + EPA Method 6010 + 6020 metal analytical + EPA Method 8260 + 8270 organic analytical + EPA NPDES + state-specific mining-discharge permit + EPA SPCC + state-specific organic-bearing process-solution code + NFPA 30 Class IIIA + IIIB combustible-liquid storage + IFC Chapter 57 + DOT 49 CFR 173 + EPCRA 313 TRI + IARC + ACGIH cobalt-and-soluble-Co Cat 2A carcinogen + nickel + soluble-Ni Cat 1 carcinogen + state-specific air-permit fugitive-emission + EU REACH SVHC cobalt-sulfate + cobalt-chloride + cobalt-dichloride + cobalt-dinitrate + cobalt-acetate + cobalt-carbonate + cobalt-oxide framework at routine operating practice at North American + Latin-American + European + Australian + African + Asian cobalt-nickel refinery operations.
1. Material Compatibility Matrix
Cobalt-nickel SX organic phase at 5-30 vol% Cyanex 272 + LIX 63 + D2EHPA + Versatic + 70-95 vol% kerosene-isoparaffinic-diluent at 25-50C is a moderately corrosive flammable hydrocarbon process liquid with combustible-liquid + chemical-compatibility + flash-point + static-electricity considerations on construction. Aqueous Co + Ni + Mn + Mg + Ca + Zn + Cu sulfate + chloride feed + raffinate at pH 4-7 + 25-50C is a moderately corrosive heavy-metal-bearing process solution. HDPE + XLPE + FRP vinyl-ester + 304 + 316L stainless are the dominant construction materials at Co-Ni SX service across the mixer-settler + organic-storage + strip-tank + adjacency network. Note operating-discipline considerations: combustible-liquid discipline (kerosene-diluent flash-point 60-75C drives NFPA 30 Class IIIA storage + bonded-grounded transfer + venting + fire-suppression + class-rated electrical area + spill containment + dike requirements), heavy-metal-PPE discipline (cobalt + soluble cobalt is IARC Group 2A carcinogen + nickel + soluble nickel is IARC Group 1 carcinogen + skin-sensitizer; double-glove + respiratory-protection + medical-monitoring + biological-monitoring + decontamination at every Co-Ni-area worker is mandatory under EU REACH SVHC + OSHA + ACGIH framework), DMG-precipitation discipline (DMG nickel-dimethylglyoxime Ni(DMG)2 red-pink precipitate is the classical analytical + small-scale-recovery chemistry; large-scale industrial Ni recovery uses Cyanex + LIX + D2EHPA + Versatic SX rather than DMG; DMG used at analytical-lab + selective-Ni-precipitation + small-batch-recovery), and pH-control discipline (Co-Ni separation by Cyanex 272 + D2EHPA + Versatic is pH-sensitive at +/- 0.1 pH unit; continuous pH monitoring + automated lime-or-NH3 trim + tight-control discipline at extraction + scrub + strip stages is mandatory).
| Material | Co-Ni SX Organic @ 25C | Co-Ni SX Aqueous @ 50C | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| HDPE rotomolded | B | A | STANDARD at aqueous Co + Ni + Mn + Mg + raffinate + reagent + DMG-makedown + sample + adjacency service across the 1,500-10,000-gallon range; B-rated at organic SX-phase service due to limited hydrocarbon resistance |
| XLPE rotomolded | B | A | Standard at aqueous service + B-rated at organic service |
| Polypropylene (PP) | B | A | Standard at aqueous service + B-rated at organic service |
| FRP vinyl-ester resin | A | A | STANDARD at aqueous + organic-phase + mixer-settler + crud-treatment service across the 5,000-2,000,000-gallon scale; vinyl-ester or hydrocarbon-grade resin specification |
| FRP polyester resin | A | A | Standard at lower-temperature aqueous + organic + mixer-settler service |
| 304 stainless steel | A | B | Standard at organic-phase + extractant + diluent storage; B-rated at chloride-bearing aqueous service due to chloride sensitivity |
| 316L stainless steel | A | A | Premium at organic + aqueous + analytical-lab service + chloride-tolerant |
| Duplex 2205 / 2507 | A | A | Premium at higher-chloride laterite-HPAL service |
| Carbon steel UL-142 | A | NR | STANDARD at kerosene-isoparaffinic-diluent storage at 5,000-15,000-gallon UL-142 specification; NOT recommended at aqueous Co-Ni service |
| Carbon steel rubber-lined | A | A | Standard at primary mixer-settler + crud-treatment vessel; natural-rubber or chlorobutyl-rubber liner |
| Aluminum 5083 / 6061 | NR | NR | NOT recommended; aluminum is rapidly attacked by acidic Co-Ni aqueous |
| EPDM | NR | A | NOT recommended at organic-phase service; standard at aqueous gasket + lining |
| Viton (FKM) | A | A | STANDARD at organic + aqueous gasket + lining + pump + valve seat at SX service |
| Nitrile (Buna-N) | B | B | Acceptable at brief contact only; not preferred at long-hold |
| PTFE | A | A | Premium gasket + diaphragm + valve seat at organic + aqueous service |
| PVC Sch 80 | NR | A | NOT recommended at organic-phase service; standard at piping at aqueous service |
| CPVC Sch 80 | NR | A | NOT recommended at organic-phase service; preferred at higher-temperature aqueous piping |
| Titanium grade 2 / 7 | A | A | Premium at HPAL autoclave + chloride-bearing service |
The dominant industrial pattern at North American + Latin-American + European + Australian + African + Asian Co-Ni SX operations is FRP vinyl-ester resin construction at the larger 5,000-2,000,000-gallon mixer-settler + organic-phase storage + crud-treatment vessel, 316L stainless steel + duplex at chloride-bearing service, UL-142 carbon-steel construction at the kerosene-diluent storage at 5,000-15,000-gallon scale, titanium-grade-2 + grade-7 at the HPAL autoclave at 250C + 50 bar, and HDPE rotomolded tank at the 1,500-10,000-gallon aqueous Co + Ni + Mn + Mg + raffinate + acid-makedown + reagent + DMG-makedown + sample + analytical-lab + adjacency service. OneSource Plastics' 5-brand HDPE network (Norwesco, Snyder Industries, Chem-Tainer, Enduraplas, Bushman) covers the typical 1,500-10,000-gallon Co-Ni SX aqueous-side adjacency specification across the standard envelope; primary 5,000-2,000,000-gallon mixer-settler + organic-phase + crud-treatment vessel typically calls FRP vinyl-ester construction outside our HDPE 5-brand scope; UL-142 + AST diluent storage outside HDPE scope; HPAL autoclave calls titanium outside our HDPE 5-brand scope. We refer those specifications to qualified FRP + UL-142 carbon-steel + titanium tank fabricators.
2. Real-World Industrial Use Cases
Laterite HPAL Cobalt-Nickel Refinery (Dominant Use at Tropical Laterite). Tropical laterite Ni-Co mine + refinery operations (Goro + VNC New Caledonia, Sorowako + PT Vale Indonesia, Murrin Murrin + Cawse + Ravensthorpe Western Australia, Ramu Papua New Guinea, Cerro Matoso Colombia laterite-Ni + Onca Puma Brazil) leach laterite ore at 250C + 50 bar autoclave with sulfuric-acid + recover Ni + Co + Mn + Mg sulfate solution at 1-15 g/L Ni + 0.1-1.5 g/L Co + 0.5-5 g/L Mn + 5-30 g/L Mg + 0.1-3 g/L Al + 0.5-5 g/L Fe; Cyanex 272 + D2EHPA + Versatic SX separates Co from Ni-Mn-Mg-Ca-Zn at pH 4-6 + Ni-from-Mg-Ca-Mn at pH 6-7. Loaded-Co strip with H2SO4 to cobalt-sulfate strip-liquor + crystallized as battery-grade CoSO4-7H2O. Loaded-Ni strip to nickel-sulfate strip-liquor + crystallized as NiSO4-6H2O. Storage envelope: titanium-grade-2 + grade-7 HPAL autoclave + flash-tank typically OUTSIDE HDPE scope; FRP vinyl-ester or rubber-lined-steel mixer-settler + crud-treatment + strip-tank at 5,000-2,000,000-gallon scale; HDPE rotomolded aqueous Co-Ni + acid-makedown + reagent + DMG + sample at 1,500-10,000-gallon scale.
Sulfide Concentrate Pressure-Leach Cobalt-Nickel Refinery. Sulfide-Ni concentrate pressure-leach refineries (Vale Long Harbour Newfoundland + Sherritt International Fort Saskatchewan Alberta + Moa Cuba) pressure-leach pentlandite (Fe,Ni)9S8 + chalcopyrite + violarite Ni3FeS4 in autoclave at 150-250C + 30-50 bar O2 with sulfuric-acid or ammonia + ammonium-carbonate + recover Ni + Co + Cu sulfate at 5-50 g/L Ni + 0.5-5 g/L Co. SX separates Cu first via LIX 84 + Co from Ni via Cyanex 272 + Ni-Co-Mn separation. Storage envelope: same as laterite-HPAL.
DRC Mixed-Hydroxide-Precipitate MHP Refining. DRC Katanga + Lualaba copper-cobalt belt operations (Mutanda + Kamoto + KCC + Tenke Fungurume + Kisanfu + Metalkol + Kambove) heap-leach + atmospheric-leach + tank-leach copper-cobalt oxide ore + recover mixed-hydroxide-precipitate MHP at the cobalt-precipitation step + ship MHP to downstream refining (China Huayou + Tibet ShengTuo + Umicore Hoboken Belgium + Olen + Suzhou + Korea Cobalt + GEM Co Ltd). Refining via redissolution + Cyanex 272 + D2EHPA + Versatic SX + cobalt-sulfate + nickel-sulfate crystallization. Storage envelope: same as laterite + sulfide.
Battery-Recycling Black-Mass Cobalt-Nickel Recovery. Lithium-ion battery recycling operations (Umicore Hoboken Belgium + Li-Cycle Rochester New York + Redwood Materials Carson City Nevada + Glencore Sudbury INO + ACCUREC Krefeld Germany + Sumitomo Sumitomo Metal Mining + GEM Co Ltd China) recover Co + Ni + Mn + Li from spent-LIB black-mass via sulfuric-acid-leach + Cyanex + D2EHPA + Versatic SX + Co-Ni-Mn-Li separation + battery-grade salt crystallization. Storage envelope: same as primary refinery.
DMG Analytical and Selective-Ni Precipitation. Dimethylglyoxime DMG is the classical analytical chemistry for nickel determination + small-scale selective-Ni-precipitation at pH 7-9 ammonium-buffered solution; large-scale industrial Ni recovery uses Cyanex + D2EHPA SX rather than DMG due to DMG cost + organic-solvent (chloroform + ethanol) handling + waste-disposal + worker-exposure framework. DMG-makedown at analytical-lab + small-batch-recovery uses HDPE rotomolded 1,500-10,000-gallon scale.
Diluent Storage and Reagent Adjacency. Kerosene-isoparaffinic-diluent + Cyanex 272 + LIX 63 + D2EHPA + Versatic + DMG storage at the refinery uses 5,000-15,000-gallon UL-142 carbon-steel diluent storage + 250-330-gallon poly tote + 5,000-15,000-gallon FRP or steel extractant storage + DMG-makedown HDPE rotomolded 1,500-10,000-gallon. Sample + analytical-lab adjacency at HDPE rotomolded 1,500-10,000-gallon scale.
3. Regulatory Framework
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200 + 1910.1000 + 1910.106 Standards. Cyanex 272 + LIX 63 + D2EHPA + Versatic + DMG + kerosene-isoparaffinic-diluent OSHA worker SDS + container labeling + PPE + emergency-shower-eye-wash + flammable-and-combustible-liquid storage per 29 CFR 1910.106 framework. Co + Ni + Mn + heavy-metal air-contaminant per OSHA + ACGIH TLV.
OSHA Cobalt and Nickel Heavy-Metal Standards. Cobalt + soluble cobalt OSHA PEL-TWA 0.1 mg/m3 + ACGIH TLV-TWA 0.02 mg/m3 + IDLH 20 mg/m3. Nickel + soluble nickel OSHA PEL-TWA 1 mg/m3 + ACGIH TLV-TWA 0.05 mg/m3 + IDLH 10 mg/m3. IARC Group 2A carcinogen cobalt + soluble cobalt + IARC Group 1 carcinogen nickel + soluble nickel + skin-sensitizer Cat 1 + STOT-RE Cat 1. Worker SDS + medical + biological-monitoring + double-glove + respiratory-protection + decontamination at every Co-Ni-area worker.
EU REACH SVHC Cobalt and Nickel. Cobalt-sulfate CoSO4 + cobalt-chloride CoCl2 + cobalt-dichloride + cobalt-dinitrate + cobalt-acetate + cobalt-carbonate + cobalt-oxide are EU REACH SVHC Substances of Very High Concern (Reproductive Cat 1B + Carcinogen Cat 1B + STOT-RE Cat 1) + Authorisation List Annex XIV. Nickel-sulfate + nickel-chloride + nickel-carbonate are EU REACH SVHC Carcinogen Cat 1A + Reproductive Cat 1B + Skin Sensitizer Cat 1. Refinery worker exposure + product labeling + downstream notification + Authorisation Application framework.
NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids. Kerosene-isoparaffinic-diluent flash-point 60-75C is NFPA 30 Class IIIA combustible liquid; storage tanks at 5,000-15,000-gallon UL-142 specification + secondary-containment dike sized 110% largest tank + remote impounding basin + bonded-grounded transfer + venting + fire-suppression + class-rated electrical area + emergency-shutoff + IFC Chapter 57 framework.
EPA Method 6010 + 6020 ICP-OES + ICP-MS Metal Analytical. EPA SW-846 Method 6010 + 6020 + 7470 + 7471 + 200.7 + 200.8 metal analytical for Co + Ni + Mn + Mg + Ca + Zn + Cu + Fe + minor metal at SX feed + raffinate + loaded-organic + strip-liquor + cobalt-sulfate + nickel-sulfate sample collection.
EPA NPDES + State Mining Discharge Permit. Co + Ni + Mn + organic-bearing raffinate + crud + tailings discharge to surface water requires state-specific mining-discharge permit + NPDES outfall + state water-quality criterion compliance + Discharge Monitoring Report DMR submission framework.
EPA SPCC + State Mining Permit + EPCRA 313 TRI. Co-Ni SX organic + diluent + extractant + aqueous storage requires double-liner + leak-detection + secondary-containment per EPA SPCC + state-specific mining-permit framework. EPCRA 313 TRI threshold per 40 CFR 372 covers Co + Ni + Mn + benzene + petroleum-distillate releases at the refinery SX + organic-handling + ventilation framework annual reporting.
DOT 49 CFR 173 + UN 1223 Kerosene + UN 3082 + UN 3072 Cobalt Sulfate. Kerosene-isoparaffinic-diluent shipping is UN 1223 Kerosene Class 3 PG III. Cobalt-sulfate + cobalt-chloride product shipping at UN 3260 Cobalt-naphthenate Class 8 PG III + UN 3077 + UN 3082 environmentally-hazardous-substance framework.
4. Storage System Specification
SX Mixer-Settler and Organic-Phase Storage (Outside HDPE Scope). Primary Co-Ni SX mixer-settler + organic-phase storage + crud-treatment vessel at 5,000-2,000,000-gallon scale uses FRP vinyl-ester resin construction or rubber-lined carbon-steel construction with natural-rubber or chlorobutyl-rubber liner + 304 + 316L stainless mixer impeller at 50-300 rpm + Viton-seat ball valve + organic-aqueous-interface-detection + organic-phase-recovery system. Construction at qualified FRP or lined-steel tank fabricator with NDE inspection + holiday-test on liner. This specification is OUTSIDE OneSource Plastics' HDPE 5-brand scope; we refer those specifications to qualified FRP + lined-steel tank fabricators.
HPAL Autoclave (Titanium; Outside HDPE Scope). Laterite + sulfide HPAL autoclave at 250C + 50 bar O2 uses titanium-grade-2 + grade-7 (Ti-Pd) clad construction + titanium-impeller agitator + titanium-clad heat-exchanger + titanium-clad flash-tank. ASME Section VIII Division 1 + 2 pressure-vessel framework + NDE radiographic + ultrasonic inspection. This specification is OUTSIDE OneSource Plastics' HDPE 5-brand scope.
Diluent Storage (UL-142 Carbon Steel; Outside HDPE Scope). Kerosene-isoparaffinic-diluent storage at 5,000-15,000-gallon UL-142 carbon-steel tank specification with NFPA 30 Class IIIA combustible-liquid framework + secondary-containment dike 110% largest tank + bonded-grounded transfer + venting + fire-suppression + class-rated electrical area + emergency-shutoff + IFC Chapter 57. Construction at qualified UL-142 + UL-2085 + STI-P3 fabricator. This specification is OUTSIDE OneSource Plastics' HDPE 5-brand scope.
Aqueous Co-Ni, Acid-Makedown, DMG-Makedown, and Reagent Tank (HDPE Scope). Aqueous Co-Ni-Mn-Mg + raffinate + acid-makedown + caustic-makedown + ammonia-makedown + DMG-makedown + reagent + sample + analytical-lab adjacency at the refinery uses 1,500-10,000-gallon HDPE or XLPE rotomolded vertical flat-bottom or shallow-cone-bottom atmospheric tank, 1.85 specific-gravity rated, mounted on level reinforced-concrete pad with secondary containment via integral catch-basin or external concrete-bermed pad sized to 110% of largest-tank volume; 3-4 inch flanged top fill + atmospheric vent; 2-3 inch flanged bottom outlet with full-bore PVC ball valve; 18-24 inch top manway; ultrasonic level transmitter; sample valve; opaque-pigmented HDPE for UV protection at outdoor service.
Crud-Treatment Clay-Tower and Filter. SX crud-treatment via clay-tower + filter + centrifuge at the SX-organic-recovery circuit uses FRP vinyl-ester or stainless construction outside HDPE scope.
Containment and Spill Pad. All Co-Ni SX organic + extractant + diluent + aqueous storage requires secondary containment per EPA SPCC + NFPA 30 + state mining permit; concrete-bermed pad with chemical-resistant epoxy or polyurea liner + spill-collection sump + remote-impounding basin at major diluent + organic storage.
5. Field Handling Reality
Handler PPE. Co-Ni SX organic + extractant + diluent + DMG handling: chemical-resistant Tyvek or equivalent suit at any open-system work, double nitrile or Viton chemical-resistant glove at any contact, chemical splash goggles + face shield at any open-system handling, half-mask air-purifying respirator with organic-vapor-cartridge + HEPA at routine open-system work above OSHA petroleum-distillate + Co + Ni PEL, supplied-air respirator at extractant + crud-handling + autoclave-discharge + cobalt-sulfate-crystallizer work, FRC fire-retardant clothing at every diluent + organic-handling area per NFPA 30 Class IIIA, steel-toe boots with chemical-resistant overshoe, eye-wash + emergency shower per OSHA 29 CFR 1910.151 within 10 seconds of work area, no-smoking + no-spark + class-rated electrical at the diluent + organic-handling area, cobalt + nickel medical-monitoring + biological-monitoring per OSHA + EU REACH SVHC framework.
Cobalt-Nickel Carcinogen Discipline. Cobalt + soluble cobalt is IARC Group 2A carcinogen + nickel + soluble nickel is IARC Group 1 carcinogen + skin-sensitizer + STOT-RE Cat 1; double-glove + respiratory-protection + medical-monitoring + biological-monitoring + decontamination + work-area-segregation at every Co-Ni-area worker is mandatory under EU REACH SVHC + OSHA + ACGIH framework. Annual medical-surveillance exam + urine-cobalt + urine-nickel biological-monitoring at every worker.
Combustible-Liquid Discipline. Kerosene-isoparaffinic-diluent flash-point 60-75C drives NFPA 30 Class IIIA storage + bonded-grounded transfer + slow-fill + relaxation-time + venting + fire-suppression at every diluent + extractant + organic-phase tank. Static-electricity discipline per API RP 2003 + 2219 framework.
pH-Control Discipline. Co-Ni separation by Cyanex 272 + D2EHPA + Versatic is pH-sensitive at +/- 0.1 pH unit; continuous pH monitoring + automated lime-or-NH3 trim + tight-control discipline at extraction + scrub + strip stages is mandatory. pH-control deviation drives Co-Ni cross-contamination + product specification failure.
Crud-Accumulation Discipline. SX mixer-settler interface accumulates organic + solid crud at typical 0.5-3% by volume of organic phase; crud-treatment via clay-tower + filter + centrifuge + thermal-desorption recovers entrained organic + reduces organic-loss + maintains extraction-stage efficiency. Routine crud-treatment cycle at 7-30-day frequency. Crud disposal as RCRA hazardous waste at qualified TSDF.
Cargo-Tank Receipt of Diluent and Extractant. Kerosene-diluent bulk receipt at 5,000-15,000-gallon UL-142 carbon-steel storage with bonded-grounded transfer + bottom-discharge cargo tank + facility-side air-operated diaphragm pump or progressive-cavity pump. Extractant receipt at 250-330-gallon poly tote or 5,000-15,000-gallon FRP storage with PPE + transfer-rate-monitoring + secondary-containment + emergency-deluge framework.
QC Sampling and Verification. Each SX feed + raffinate + loaded-organic + strip-liquor + cobalt-sulfate + nickel-sulfate sample collection: Co + Ni + Mn + Mg + Ca + Zn + Cu + Fe + minor metal per EPA Method 6010 + 6020 ICP, pH continuous + grab confirmation, ORP, conductivity, density, organic-entrainment by phase-disengagement test, crud-content by gravimetric, extractant-strength by titration, organic-phase flash-point per ASTM D93. Battery-grade cobalt-sulfate + nickel-sulfate purity at 99.95-99.99% Ni + Co + impurity to less-than-50 ppm Mn + Mg + Cu + Zn + Fe specification per battery-customer pCAM + CAM specification.
Spill Response. Co-Ni SX organic + diluent + extractant spill response: small-volume spill is contained at secondary-containment + absorbed with vermiculite or absorbent boom + bagged for hazardous-waste disposition. Large-volume spill triggers state-agency notification + downstream water-quality sampling + remediation per state mining permit + EPA SPCC framework. Fire-watch + fire-suppression standby at every diluent + organic-handling spill response.
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